NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HYDRAULIC RESOURCES
The
National Institute for Hydraulic Resources is the State and Government Institution in
charge of the hydraulic politics elaboration
in regard to all the hydraulic resources of
the country, its application and control.
- HISTORICAL REVIEW
- HIDRAULIC
INFRAESTRUCTURE, HYDROENERGY, AQUECUCT and SEWERAGE
- PROJECTION OF ITS
DEVELOPMENT UP TO YEAR 2002
HISTORICAL
REVIEW
The
National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (INRH) was constituted on June 6 of 1989 through
the Law - Nº 114, as the follower of the institutions that preceded, under diverse
organizational forms the administration of the hydraulic resources, as well as of the
attention to the services of aqueduct and sewerage.
A brief review of these
antecedents is introduced next:
YEAR 1962 |
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NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESOURCES INSTITUTE § Provincial
Direction. § Company of
Hydraulic
Equipment. § Company of
Hydraulic
Constructions. § CONACA |
§ The
bases for the hydraulic work in the revolutionary period are set: ü The first national
strategy is designed in order to place the hydraulic
resources in function of the economical development of the country. ü An ambitious
program of hydraulic constructions is initiated. § Assumes the attention of the aqueduct and sewage
services, incorporating to the new system the Company for the Operation of Aqueducts and
Sewerage (CONACA) from the Ministry for
Construction, that was a derivation of the National Commission for Aqueducts and Sewerage,
that was constituted as an "official autonomous corporation" in March of 1959 by
the Law Nº 168 of the Revolutionary Government in order to attend the administration,
operation and maintenance of all the aqueducts and sewerage. |
1969 |
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NATIONAL HYDRAULIC GROUP of DAP § Hydraulic Provincial Groups |
§ Assume the technical direction of the hydraulic
development program: ü Execute the
investigations and projects of hydraulic works. ü Execute the systematic
investigations (observations of the hydrological cycle). ü Supervise the
constructions that execute the DAP brigades.
ü Initiate the
organization for the exploitation of the hydraulic works. |
CITY PLANNING HYDROLOGY GROUP of DAP. § Provincial city planning hydrology groups |
§ Assume
the direction of the activity of aqueducts and sewerage: ü Execute the
investigations and the projects of the aqueduct, sewerage and ü rain drainage. ü Supervise the
constructions that execute the DAP brigades. ü Execute the operation
and maintenance of the systems. |
1977 |
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HYDROECONOMY INSTITUTE of the CONSTRUCTION MINISTRY § Hydroeconomy Provincial Companies |
§ Assume, by commission of the Central
State Administration, the functions for the execution and control of the application of the State and Government
policies related with the planning and control of the hydraulic resources, as well as the
direction of the activity of aqueducts and sewerage that execute the local governments. To these effects: ü Proposes and control the Plan for Water Use. ü Execute the
investigations and projects of the hydraulic works and of the aqueduct and sewerage. ü Execute systematic
investigations (observation of the hydrological cycle) and the water quality control. ü Exercise the function
of investor of the hydraulic works that
execute Construction Ministry Companies.
ü Execute the
exploitation of the hydraulic works: the organization of the Hydraulic Complexes is being initiated. ü Execute most of the
wells perforations. From the
central level exercise the direction of aqueducts and sewerage activities that is been
administered by the local governments |
YEAR 1989 JUNE 6
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESOURCES INSTITUTE
The hydraulic activity of the
country is reorganized, creating a Central Organism of the State, with the same name that
the one founded in 1962, with the following functions:
§ Organize and manage,
in coordination to the competent organisms, the protection of the terrestrial waters, the
basins, the natural beds, the works and hydraulic installations against dangers of
contamination, silting and other forms of degradation and deterioration, as well as the
systematic control of the waters quality.
§
Determine,
with the corresponding organisms, the
necessary regulations for the protection of the economical, social and environment objectives, from the noxious effects
that could cause the terrestrial waters, establishing the actions of organization,
assurance and control that guarantee the security and the correct operation of the
hydraulic installations, the works of
protection against floods, the underground drainage and the capacity of conduction of the
natural or artificial beds.
§
Determine
and maintain an actualization of the hydraulic potential of the country, dispose to the
competent organisms the data and characterization of the hydrological comparative cycle of
the superficial and underground waters, the rain and the evaporation.
§
Propose
the strategy of hydraulic development of the country and in correspondence control and
regulate the activity of projects and investments of the hydraulic works that are
executed.
§
Plan,
regulate and control of the hydraulic resources, as well as the operation, technical
surveillance and the maintenance of the works and hydraulic installations.
§
Realize
the study and evaluation of the hydroenergetic potential and propose with the
participation of the corresponding organisms, the strategy of its development, as well as
execute the projection, investment, operation and maintenance of the hydroenergetic works
of its competence.
§ Regulate and control
the aqueduct, sewerage and rain drainage activity.
INSTITUCIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE ACTIVITY OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERAGE
YEAR 1959: JANUARY 1º
|
§ There is not an unique
central organism that attend this activity. § Participants in this
activity are: - The Commission of National
Development. - The Central Advice of Public
Services - The Ministry of Public Works. - The Municipalities. - The private enterprise |
At
that moment there were : -114 urban nuclei with aqueducts operated of the following manner:
29 by State Organizations,
32 by Municipalities,
53 by Private Companies. - Only 9 towns relied
on partial sewerage systems, operated by the Ministry of Public Works, with exception of
Manzanillo City that was private owned and the partial of Banes City constructed by the
United Fruit Company. |
YEAR 1959: MARCH 20 |
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§ NATIONAL COMMISSION OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERAGE CONACA |
- By means of Law Nº 168 of the Revolutionary Government, the National Commission of Aqueduct and SEWERAGE is created, as an official corporation, with autonomous character and with its own legal personality. Assume the administration, operation and maintenance of all the aqueducts and sewerage that have been State constructed or that were constructed for the State. - It was governed by a Directors Council composed by five
persons, designated by the Ministers Council with
the approval of the President the Republic. The Minister of Public Works is the
president of the Directors Council. - The
organization of the Commission was planned for a specialized North American firm, the
"Barrintong International Inc." That had carried out a similar work in the Authority of Aqueduct and Sewerage
of Puerto Rico.
- The operation and the maintenance in all national territory was organized in 7 Regional Districts under whose control remained the Units (Aqueducts and Sewerage), under the control of the Operation Division, one of the 8 that conformed the Commission structure. |
YEAR 1961 |
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§ COMPANY for the OPERATION of AQUEDUCTS AND
SEWERAGE of the MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS |
- Starting from the National Commission of Aqueduct and Sewerage, that had suffered internal organizational changes, after the abandon of the country of their directing principals, the Company for the Operation of Aqueducts and Sewerage is created and is incorporated to the Ministry of Public Works as a company of this ministry. - In 1962 a process of
decentralization begins towards Regional Establishments. |
YEAR 1963 |
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§ CONACA enterprise of the NATIONAL HYDRAULIC
RESOURCES INSTITUTE |
- By resolution of the Revolutionary
Government CONACA is passed over to the NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESOURCES INSTITUTE , that was
created in 1962. Been denominated this enterprise CONACA. |
YEAR 1969 |
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§ CITY PLANNING HYDROLOGY GROUP of DAP. |
- - Starting
from COAS enterprise, the City Planning
Hydrology Group is created as part of the new DAP organism. The Regional Establishments
passed to be known as Provincial Groups of Fronts of City Hydrology. |
YEAR 1977 |
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§ The administration of the aqueduct and sewerage
services is subscribed to the Provincial Government through
the Direction of Communal Services |
- With the creation of Local Organizations of the Popular Government, the activity of aqueducts and sewerage is transferred to local administration through the Provincial and Municipal Directions of Communal Services. - At national level the regulation of the activity is assigned to the Hydroeconomy Institute of the Construction Ministry. - It is also created the Office of
Attention to the Organizations of the Popular Government that in the case of the
Directions of Communal Services results be the only level of central attention, to
difference of other activities that they had the regulation of a Ministry. |
YEAR 1989 |
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§ The Departments of Aqueduct and Sewerage of the
Communal Directions are transformed gradually in provincial Directions of Aqueduct and
Sewerage. |
- As the National Institute for
Hydraulic Resources is created it assumes the management
of the activity
of Aqueducts and Sewerage.
- A process for desegregation
the activity of the Communal Directions and create the Provincial Directions of Aqueduct
and Sewerage.
This process is concluded in a first stage in 1992. |
HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE,
HYDROENERGY, BASINS and WATER PROTECTION. AQUEDUCTS and SEWERAGE
HYDRAULIC WORKS
The infrastructure of installations
and hydraulic works that the country has for water supply to all uses, can provide an
annual potential of more than 13 600 millions of cubic meters, returning a 67% of this
volume to the superficial waters and a 33% to the underground waters. This determines an
indicator of available volume of water for inhabitant per year in Cuba of 1 240 m3.
It is a responsibility of the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources, the operation and maintenance of an important part of this infrastructure, constituted by dams and derivatives, the main channels and some pump stations - the majority of transfers-; as well as the works of protection against floods of zonal or regional reach, the Institute is not related to the protection of economical specific objectives.
From this volume every year is
planned to utilize more than 10 000 millions of m3 distributed as follows: around 70% for irrigation, 20% for population
needs and the rest -10%- for other uses.
Dams and Derivatives
The country relies on 1 019
reservoirs, with a total capacity of 9 644 millions of m3.
The province with the greatest reservoir capacity
is Sancti Spíritus, followed by
Camagüey and Granma. However Granma is the province with the biggest delivery capacity. Camagüey is county province with the biggest number of dams and derivatives.
In 226 water reservoirs are gathered the 93% of the national total volume.
Small reservoirs
In all the national territory there are 796 small reservoirs with a total capacity of 608.5 millions of cubic meters. In Camagüey province are the mayor number of small reservoirs and also accumulates the mayor reservoir volume.
Main channels
The longitude sum of the main
channels of the country is of 778.5 Km. with
capacities of water conduction from 0.5 up to 56 m3/ s.
Works of protection against floods
The country has 124 works of protection against floods in all the national territory, they were built specifically with this objective and are constituted fundamentally by protection dikes that adds 1 278 Km. In order to differentiate with the infrastructure for regulation works, this infrastructure of protection works against floods is insufficient and at present, the existent require of important work of rehabilitation.
Pump stations and transfers
In the country there are nine pump
stations and transfer operated by the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources, that is
the following:
| No. |
Station |
Installed power (kW) |
| 1 |
Pinillos |
200 |
| 2 |
Mampostón |
3632 |
| 3 |
Pedroso |
4700 |
| 4 |
San
Agustín I |
3720 |
| 5 |
San
Agustín II |
6176 |
| 6 |
San
Agustín III |
5000 |
| 7 |
Abreus |
1890 |
| 8 |
The Mogote |
3100 |
| 9 |
Sabanalamar |
1250 |
In these last 10 years an effort has been made in relation to the constructive and electromechanical maintenance of the hydraulic infrastructure, already in 1998 the 16.16 millions of peso was spend, in 1999 this figure was of 19.6 millions and it has been planned that in the year 2000, it will surpass the 15 millions of peso in this activity.
HYDROENERGETIC WORKS
The National Institute of Hydraulic Resources has the task of the development, the investments, the operation and the maintenance of the hydroenergetic installations up to 5 000 kW of installed capacity, possessing 175 hydroelectric installations with an installed capacity 14 373 kW, classified in the following form:
Type |
Quantity
installed |
Connected
to national grid |
Isolated
installations |
Installed
power (kW) |
| Microcentral |
138 |
9 |
129 |
3033.0 |
| Minicentral |
32 |
12 |
20 |
4030.6 |
| Small Central |
5 |
5 |
-- |
7310.0 |
| TOTAL |
175 |
26 |
149 |
14373.6 |
The 85% of these hydroelectric plants lend services to more than 200 isolated communities in which the national grid is not available, at these communities are electrified 7 117 houses and 503 economical and social objectives.
The 15% of these installations, where the 85% of the generation of energy by these hydroelectric is concentrated, are connected to the National Grid and the energy is marketed with the Electric Union.
From the 1 019 reservoirs that the country has in operation, in 224 are
concentrated the major possibilities for hydroenergetic installations, most them has a
prefactibility study and have adequate conditions for the construction of Small
Hydroelectric Central at the dam and also exist other minor possibilities at the main
conduction canals with flows from 0.5 until
56 m3/ sec.
From this total, there are seven Small Hydroelectric Central in different steps of an investment process, with immediate perspectives of execution and other alternatives are studied for the continuity of this program.
Basins and Waters Protection
Is constituted by a group of
activities that are complemented between them:
Superficial Hydrology, Underground Hydrology, Protection and Water quality and State Inspection. In order to exercise the responsibilities that corresponds there are similar offices in each one of the Provincial Direction of Hydraulic Resources.
The Hydrologic Service that understands the superficial hydrology as well as the underground, responds for the following tasks:
Principal tasks that develops the Hydrologic Service:
§ Maintains an actualization of the hydrologic net designs and looks after the maintenance and modernization of the net installations and their equipment.
§ Organize, operates and control the operation of observation nets at the different territorial instances, from the administrative instance to a basin scale.
§ Creates, actualize and exploit the Data Banks and the automated systems of the Hydrological Service.
§ Offers the Hydrological Information Service that governs the water users.
§ Processes and elaborates the information coming from the nets for their employment in regimen studies and the utilization works argumentation.
§ Carries out regional studies in order to characterize the temporary space variability of the Hydrological Cycle Elements.
§ Operates the hydrological prevention and prognostic systems in order to avoid and/ or attenuate the damages derived from the pass of extreme phenomenon.
§ Establishes the characteristics of the hydric territorial balance and the quantity of its elements for different time intervals.
§ Proves and implant the Hydrological Prognostic Systems in real time for the conditions of the insular tropical.
§ Favors technical information transfer, personnel formation and qualification, as well as the collaboration with other services and similar international organizations.
§ Maintains a strict control of water quality in all the superficial and underground sources.
Water Protection and Quality
Starting from the understanding of the role that the systematic observation has of the water quality and the control of the polluting discharges in connection with the protection of the hydraulic resources, in 1982 the National Net of Observations of the Water Quality was designed, which has the following objectives:
§ Supervise the situation of the natural terrestrial waters quality.
§ Identify, evaluate and control the discharges of polluting currents, as a way of knowing the causes of quality loss of the hydro resources and of determining what actions should undertaken in order to remedy such situation.
This net is has different types of stations:
· basic supervision stations,
· principal supervision stations,
· secondary stations,
· control and surveillance stations,
. others
they are distributed alongside the country and located keeping in mind the different hydrographic basins and aquiferous, they allow the evaluation of the natural quality levels, the state of these hydro bodies, their tendencies and along with the inventories of polluting sources, identify the causes of the deterioration of the hydraulic resources, by this way it is possible to know and control the state of the water quality, in each sample station as well as the basin level, which includes the marine intrusion of the coastal aquiferous, the nitrates concentration state in zones for the population supply, the bacteriological quality in these zones, the saline content of the waters destined to irrigation, the trophic reservoirs state, the content of metals and pesticides.
Actually there are 1997 stations, from which 753 are stations for the supervision of superficial waters and 1 244 for underground waters. Each year 5 600 samples are taken to which different analysis are made, macrocomponents are systematically determined (HCO3-, SO42-, NO3 -, Ca, Na, Mg, K), electric specific conductivity, pH, temperature, heavy metals, DBO5, DQO, phosphorus, nitrogen cycle and NMP of total coliform and fecals in 100 ml. the sample frequency depend of the definite objectives for each station.
The accumulated experience in these nets has allowed to define criterions and establish norms of water quality for several uses as part of the legal instruments that are provided.
State inspection
The State Inspection is the one that makes worth the dispositions and juridical effective norms concerning the activities in which the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources is the rector for all the organs, organisms and dependencies and in any activity of the state or private sector, including the ones of its own system, whose functions could affect the state of use, the conservation, the sanitation and the rational use of the superficial and underground waters; as well as the protection of their sources, natural beds and works and hydraulic installations.
The State Inspection system relies on a group of professional inspectors of university degree with a wide spectra of specialties related to the hydraulic branch and a numerous corps of eventual inspectors that support and enrich the professional work.
AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERAGE
Cuba has 11.1 million of inhabitants of which the 75% live in urban zones. These zones have 45 cities of more than 20 000 inhabitants.
Drinkable water
The hydraulic infrastructure for water supply is formed fundamentally by:
· 1 891 places with aqueducts
· 1 743 pump stations in feeding sources
· 16 845.7 Km of piping in nets and main tubes
· 5 desalting plants
· 1 236 chlorine stations
· 1.6 millions of pipe water inlets
The volume water supply maintains an annually ascent.
Water is supplied fundamentally by means of electric pumping of more than 2 670 bombs, consuming 483.6 GWH/ year.
The annual volume increase of water supplied; as well as the one of the hydraulic infrastructure, has made possible between the years 1995-1999 a growth in the supply of 2.7%.
The water supply services in Cuba are divided in three types:
§ House Connection . To have water by connection inside the house.
§ Public Service.- Delivery of water by cisterns or public valve.
§ Easy access.- Transporting of water to distances smaller than 300 meter.
Supply covering
|
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Year |
Total served |
Provision type (%) |
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| Million inhabitants |
% |
Houses |
Public |
Easy
access |
|
| 1995 |
10.02 |
91.1 |
68.3 |
6.9 |
15.9 |
| 1996 |
10.02 |
92.1 |
66.8 |
7.2 |
18.0 |
| 1997 |
10.04 |
93.8 |
70.9 |
8.2 |
14.7 |
| 1998 |
10.64 |
95.5 |
72.9 |
6.2 |
16.4 |
The supply of drinkable water showed a tendency to increase during last year and was achieved an increase of the population benefited with house connection. Still exists persons without an adequate access to drinkable water, which are mainly concentrated in the oriental region of the country and particularly in rural zones, continually the mayor efforts will be placed to solve this situation in the next years.
The medium time of service has been incrementing annually, being in these moments of 11.7 hours/ day; there are existing places where the service is continuous the 24 hours, in another could be in alternate days and even one day of each four, influencing in this situation, the bad technical state of the main pipes, nets and hydrosanitary installations at the inside of houses that as a whole provokes losses higher than 50% of the pumped water.
Sanitation
Actually 565.9 millions of cubic meters of residual waters are evacuated, of them the 27.2% is being treated, for which there are:
* 5 900.0 Km. from nets and collectors.
* 5 residual waters plant.
* 564 oxidation lagoons.
Also exist 670 000 septic tanks that are cared by 323 specialized trucks and latrines in the rural sector attended by the users.
There is a modest growth of the sanitation services due to their elevated costs.
Sanitation coverage |
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|
Year |
Total served |
Type of service (%) |
||
| Inhabitants (millions) |
% |
Sewerage |
Septic tank and latrine |
|
1995 |
9.6 |
87.7 |
34.2 |
53.5 |
1996 |
9.9 |
90.4 |
34.2 |
56.2 |
1997 |
10.1 |
90.8 |
36.0 |
54.8 |
1998 |
10.5 |
94.1 |
38.2 |
56.5 |
The principal works has been centered in rural zones, fundamentally by means of solutions with local alternative materials , utilizing septic tanks and latrines. In their majority, this is an experience developed by the Appropriate Center of Sanitation Technologies of Guantánamo (SANITEC), the same has introduced solutions through simplified sewerage in outlying zones of Guantánamo City.
The solution of sanitary latrines continues being the more extended solution for rural zones while solutions of simplified sewerage systems are been worked on for urban zones and outlying zones in the case of the big cities.
Water supply and rural sanitation.
The program for access to drinkable water and sanitation in the rural sector have had a significant advance as a consequence of the Rural National Program approved by the Nation Government that searches to achieve in the year 2 000 that all the rural towns greater than 300 inhabitants, have an adequate access to drinkable water and to sanitation. This program was reinforced in the provinces with minor cover in the sector.
As a result of the Program of Water Supply and Sanitation for the Rural Communities and City Peripheries, it was finished a total of 306 systems in 1999, in correspondence with the objective of concluding in the year 2000 with the execution of the supply systems to all the communities of more than 300 inhabitants.
The 306 communities finished in 1999 benefit 107 900
inhabitants. From them, 83 000 is been located at the Turquino Plan with a total of 33 645
inhabitants. Also within the great total is included 26 communities of Agriculture and Animal Production, in the
provinces of Holguín, Granma and Santiago de Cuba. From the 545 terminated communities,
345 has more than 300 inhabitants and the rest has less than this figure.
FINISHED COMMUNITIES |
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| PROVINCE |
TOTAL
FINISHED |
CORRESPONDING
TO PLAN TURQUINO |
STILL
TO BUILT (more than 300 inhabitants) |
||
| COMMUNITIES |
POPULATION
BENEFITED |
COMMUNITIES |
POPULATION
BENEFITED |
||
| Pinar del
Rio |
13 |
6355 |
6 |
2770 |
101 |
| La Habana |
29 |
16195 |
- |
- |
30 |
| Ciudad
Habana |
1 |
871 |
- |
- |
2 |
| Matanzas |
13 |
4201 |
- |
- |
12 |
| Villa Clara |
39 |
17241 |
1 |
464 |
108 |
| Cienfuegos |
38 |
12748 |
5 |
912 |
30 |
| Sancti
Spiritus |
16 |
6513 |
- |
- |
54 |
| Ciego de
Avila |
16 |
6480 |
- |
- |
98 |
| Camaguey |
32 |
13608 |
- |
- |
89 |
| Las Tunas |
47 |
17887 |
- |
- |
127 |
| Holguin |
33 |
80472 |
- |
- |
226 |
| Granma |
117 |
39197 |
16 |
6087 |
158 |
| Santiago de
Cuba |
87 |
49870 |
11 |
9366 |
109 |
| Guantanamo |
48 |
14851 |
44 |
14046 |
23 |
| Isla de la
Juventud |
16 |
4563 |
- |
- |
5 |
| Total |
545 |
291052 |
83 |
33645 |
1172 |
The quantity of finished communities
is increased in relation to the previous year at the provinces of La Habana, Cienfuegos,
Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma and Santiago de Cuba. Holguin province stands out
by being the one with the mayor quantity of benefited inhabitants.
There has been organized the
Dispatch Office Rooms at the Provincial
Directions of Aqueduct and also at many municipality level, which represents a guarantee
in the actualized information on the water circulation volumes, equipment breakdowns,
affectation to the population and other indicators of the aqueduct and sewerage activity,
in benefit for the control of the systems operation and of the rapid answers that secure
the quality of the service. Actually, there are 12 Provincial Dispatch Office Rooms (still
to be created are the ones of La Habana Province and in the Special Municipality of the
Island of Youth) and in 76 Municipalities.
PROJECTIONS
UNTIL The YEAR 2002
AQUEDUCT and SEWERAGE
[ Achieve the access to
drinkable water for all the rural towns of
more than 300 inhabitants.
[ Fortify the actions
of sanitation and treatment.
[ Promote the
improvement of water service in provincial
capitals.
[ Extend and enlarge the
participation of the Appropriate Technology
Centers in the Community Programs.
[ Continue the
intersectorial at the local level, the qualification and the institutional.
[ Fortify the
supervision system of the sector and the divulgation.
HYDRAULIC WORKS
[ Work in the construction of the dams: San Juan in
Pinar del Rio, La Esperanza in Guantánamo, Cilantro in Granma and Naranjito in Holguín.
[ Work in the
maintenance of the hydraulic works.
HYDROENERGETIC WORKS
[ Execution of seven
Small Hydroelectric Centrals, that are now in
the investor process.
[ Continue carrying out
prefeasibility studies in the reservoirs with greater possibilities of hydroenergetic use.
[ Foment the construction
of Small Hydroelectric Central in those reservoirs that have adequate conditions.
[ Search of alternatives
for the continuity of this program, by means of possible agreements
with foreign associations.